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[fagaceae]

The Vascular Plant Families
By Robert B. Hole, Jr.
This Checklist is after Walters and Keil (who follow Cronquist 1981). Notes are modified from lecture notes from an Advanced Plant Taxonomy course at Mississippi State University taught by Dr. Sydney McDaniel and other sources. Any errors are solely my responsibility, NOT my instructors.
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Select a taxon to visit:
• Psilotophyta
• Equisetophyta
• Lycopodiophyta
• Polypodiophyta
• Pinophyta
• Magnoliophyta
o Class Liliopsida (Monocots)
o Class Magnoliopsida (Dicots)
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Division Psilotophyta (Pteridophytes)

• Class Psilotopsida

o Order Psilotales

 Family Psilotaceae (Whisk Ferns)

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Division Equisetophyta
• Class Equisetopsida

o Order Equisetales

 Family Equisetaceae (Horsetails)

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Division Lycopodiophyta
• Class Lycopodiopsida

o Order Lycopodiales

 Family Lycopodiaceae (Club-mosses)

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• Class Isoetopsida

o Order Selaginellales

 Family Selaginellaceae (Small Club-mosses)

o Order Isoetales

 Family Isoetaceae (Quillworts)

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Division Polypodiophyta
• Class Polypodiopsida

o Subclass Ophioglossidae

 Order Ophiohlossales

 Family Ophioglossaceae (Grape-ferns)

o Subclass Marattiidae

 Order Marattiales

 Family Marattiaceae

o Subclass Polypodiidae

 Order Polypodiales

 Family Osmundaceae (Cinnamon Ferns)
 Family Schizaeaceae (Climbing Ferns)
 Family Gleicheniaceae
 Family Stromatopteridaceae
 Family Matoniaceae
 Family Dipteridaceae
 Family Cheiropleuriaceae
 Family Hymnophyllopsidaceae
 Family Plagiogyriaceae
 Family Dicksoniaceae (Dicksonias)
 Family Lophosoriaceae
 Family Metaxyaceae
 Family Cyatheaceae (Cyatheaes)
 Family Polypodiaceae (Common Ferns)

o Subclass Marsileidae

 Order Marsileales

 Family Marsileaceae (Water-clovers)

o Subclass Salviniidae

 Order Salviniales

 Family Salviniaceae (Mosquito Ferns)
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Division Pinophyta (Gymnosperms)

• Subdivision Cycadicae

o Class Cycadopsida

 Order Cycadales

 Family Cycadaceae (Cycads)

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• Subdivision Pinicae

o Class Pinopsida

 Order Ginkgoales

 Family Ginkgoaceae (Ginkgo)

 Order Taxales

 Family Taxaceae (Yews)
 Family Cephalotaxaceae (Plum-yews)

 Order Pinales

 Family Pinaceae (Pines)
 Family Cupressaceae (incl. Taxodiaceae) (Cypresses)
 Family Ararcariaceae (Araucarias)
 Family Podocarpaceae (Podocarps)

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• Subdivision Gneticae

o Class Gnetopsida

 Order Gnetales

 Family Gnetaceae (Gnetums)
 Family Welwitschiaceae (Welwitschia)
 Family Ephedraceae (Mormon-teas)
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Division Magnoliophyta (Angioperms)

• Class Magnoliopsida (Dicots)
Evolved during or before the Cretaceous, before insects were important, this allowed a wide variety of pollination mechanisms to arise

o Subclass Magnoliidae

 Order Magnoliales
Many families with few species, mostly tropical, with simple leaves, monosulcate pollen (one furrow) grains, numerous stamens, separate floral parts.

 Family Winteraceae
Austral, found in New Zealand and South America

 Family Degeneriaceae
Two species from Fiji, discovered 1940, most primitive family in the Class

 Family Himantandraceae
One genus, tree species, aromatic trees

 Family Eupomataceae
One genus, two species, Eastern Australia and New Guinea

 Family Austrobaileyaceae
One genus, two species, Australian

 Family Magnoliaceae (Magnolias)
Twelve genera, 220 species, has stipules, Asia, southern U.S.A., Peru (1 sp.)

 Family Lactoridaceae
One genus, one species, endemic to Juan Fernandez Isl., Chile, South America

 Family Annonaceae (Custard-apples)
120 genera, 2300+ genera, largest family in the order, lots of stamens, edible fruit, 1 seed from a large pistol, areomatic

 Family Myristacaceae
380 species, southeast Asia and Neotropics

 Family Canellaceae
Five genera, 16-17 species, Caribbean basin

 Order Laurales
Many areomatic

 Family Amborellaceae
Monotypic, Australia and New Guinea

 Family Trimeniaceae
Two genera, Pacific and Africa

 Family Monimiaceae
27 genera, 450 species, tropical America, Asia and Africa, second largest family in order

 Family Gomortegaceae
Monotypic, from near Santiago, Chile, possibly extinct

 Family Calycanthaceae (Spicebushes)
Two genera, 8 species, southeastern U. S., California and China

 Family Idiospermaceae
Monotypic

 Family Lauraceae (Laurels)
Approx. 2000 species

 Family Hernandiaceae
Four genera, 76 species, tropical America, Samoa

 Order Piperales

 Family Chloranthaceae
65 species, tropical upland

 Family Saururaceae (Lizard-tails)
5 genera, 7 species

 Family Piperaceae (Peppers)
Approx. 3000 species

 Order Aristolochiales

 Family Aristolochiaceae (Birthworts)
7 genera, 625 species, chemically similar to Magnoliales, woody vines, worldwide distribution

 Order Illiciales

 Family Illiciaceae
40 species, New World, China

 Family Schisandraceae
Two genera, 50 species, New World, genera incl. Schisandra which is cultivated

 Order Nymphaeales
With or without odor, mostly aquatic plants

 Family Nelumbonaceae (Water-Lotus¹)
Two species, aggregate fruit, long lived seeds, North America and China

 Family Nymphaeaceae (Waterlilies)
7 genera, 100+ species

 Family Barclayaceae
One genus, 4 species, mostly asiatic, himilayan

 Family Cabombaceae (Water-Shields)
One genus, 1+ species, New World

 Family Ceratophyllaceae (Hornworts)
One genus, 2-30 species (not a typo)

 Order Ranunculales
Generally herbaceous, many small, mostly holarctic distribution

 Family Ranunculaceae (Buttercups)
50 genera, 1500 species, primarily temparate, but ranging from arctic to tropics

 Family Circaeasteraceae
 Family Berberidaceae (Barberries)
13-16 genera, 600 species, mostly shrubby, temperate to Chile in North America, Asia

 Family Sargentodoxaceae
 Family Lardizabalaceae (Lardizabalas)
 Family Menispermaceae (Moonseeds)
65 genera, 350 species, generally have alcohol based poisons, includes the source plant of curare and arrow poisons

 Family Coriariaceae
One genera, 8 species, pantropical, primarily at higher elevations

 Family Sabiaceae
"Garbage bag family," South America and southeast Asia

 Order Papaverales
Zygomorphic flowers, all have alkaloids, laking in mustard oils
 Family Papaveraceae (Poppies)
26 genera, 256 species

 Family Fumariaceae (Bleeding-hearts)
16 genera, 400 species

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 Subclass Rosidae
60,000 species, 3/4 of species are in Fabales, Rosales, Euphobiales, Myrtales and Sapindales. Only 15,000 species in remaining 19 orders. Most diverse orders in the kingdom Plantae.

 Order Rosales
6600 species, mostly woody, mostly tropical

 Family Brunelliaceae
 Family Connaraceae
 Family Eucryphiaceae
 Family Cunoniaceae
 Family Davidsoniaceae
Asian

 Family Dialypetalanthaceae
Brazil, Bolivia, Peru

 Family Pittosporaceae (Pittosporums)
Hawaii and southern hemisphere

 Family Byblidaceae
 Family Hydrangeaceae (Mock-oranges)
Formerly part of Saxifragaceae

 Family Columelliaceae
 Family Grossulariaceae (Gooseberries or Currants)
Formerly part of Saxifragaceae, includes Ribes

 Family Greyiaceae
 Family Bruniaceae
 Family Anisoophylleaceae
 Family Alseuosmiaceae
 Family Crassulaceae (Stonecrops)
 Family Cephalotaceae
 Family Saxifragaceae (Saxifrages)

 Subfamily Penthoroideae
 Subfamily Saxifragoideae
 Subfamily Parnassioideae

 Family Rosaceae (Roses)
3000 species, economically very important, many cultivated for ornamentals or food

 Subfamily Spiraeoideae
 Subfamily Prunoideae (Drupoideae)
 Subfamily Rosoideae
 Subfamily Maloideae (Pomoideae)

 Family Neuradaceae
 Family Crossosomataceae (Crossosomas)
 Family Chrysobalanaceae
 Family Surianaceae
 Family Rhabdodendraceae

 Order Fabales
Some authors give familial rank to three subfamilies. Some authors list 18,000 species, but probably there are only 12,000. Very important economically.

 Family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) = [Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, and Papilionaceae} (Peas)
"Fabaceae" group primarily temperate

 Subfamily Mimosoideae
3000 species, arid habitats, tropical

 Subfamily Caesalpinioideae
2000 species, primarily rain forest in Africa and Amazon basin

 Subfamily Papilionoideae

 Order Proteales

 Family Elaeagnaceae (Oleasters)
Approx. 50 species

 Family Proteaceae (Proteas)
Over 1000 species, southern Africa, Australia, cultivated in California

 Order Podostemales
Modified stem and thaloid, most reduced plant

 Family Podostemaceae
45 genera, 200 + species, tropical and warm temperate

 Order Haloragales
Fewer than 200 species

 Family Haloragaceae (Water Milfoils)
Primarily wetland species, some aquatic, mostly tropical

 Family Gunneraceae (Gunneras)
Huge palmate leaves, southern hemisphere

 Order Myrtales
9000 species. Myrtaceae, Onagraceae and Melastomataceae have all but 60 species

 Family Sonneratiaceae
 Family Lythraceae (Loosestrife)
Many aquatic

 Family Penaeaceae
 Family Crypteroniaceae
 Family Thymelaeaceae (Mezereums)
 Family Trapaceae
 Family Myrtaceae (Myrtles)
3000 species, from south Florida, tropical American and (Eucalytus) Australia

 Family Punicaceae (Pomegranates)
 Family Onagraceae (Evening-primroses)
400-600 species

 Family Oliniaceae
 Family Melastomataceae (Melastomes)
4000 species, primarily tropical

 Family Combretaceae (Combretum, Mangos)

 Order Rhizophorales

 Family Rhizophoraceae (Red Mangrove)
16 genera, 120 species, biologically exteremely important, tidal flat habitat, Florida through tropics

 Order Cornales
1150 species

 Family Alangiaceae
 Family Nyssaceae
3 genera, 8 species, North America, Asia

 Family Cornaceae (Dogwoods)
Fewer than 100 species, tropical, warm temperate

 Family Garryaceae (Silk-Tassels)

 Order Santalales
2000 species

 Family Medusandraceae
 Family Dipentodontaceae
 Family Olacaceae
250 species

 Family Opiliaceae
 Family Santalaceae (Sandalwoods)
400 species

 Family Misodendraceae
 Family Loranthaceae (Showy Mistletoes)
35 genera, 900 species, parasitic, seeds primarily bird dispersed, many toxic to mammals

 Family Viscaceae (Common Mistletoes)
300 species

 Family Eremolepidaceae
 Family Balanophoraceae
18 genera, 120 species, saprophytic, many resemble fungi, pantropical

 Order Rafflesiales
60 species, saprophytic, named in honor of same Raffles as hotel in Singapore

 Family Hydnoraceae
 Family Mitracstemonaceae
 Family Rafflesiaceae (Rafflesias)
Rafflesia of Sumatra has largest flower in world

 Order Celastrales
Approx. 2000 species

 Family Geissolomataceae
Monotypic

 Family Celastraceae (Bittersweets)
55 genera, 850 species

 Family Hippocrateaceae
1300 species

 Family Stackhosiaceae
20-25 species

 Family Salvadoraceae
12 species

 Family Aquifoliaceae (Hollys)
400 species, Ilex is the largest genus, mostly tropical

 Family Icacinaceae
400 species

 Family Aextoxicaceae
Monotypic

 Family Cardiopteridaceae
3 species

 Family Corynocarpaceae
 Family Dichapetalaceae
200 species

 Order Euphorbiales
8000 species

 Family Buxaceae (Boxwoods)
46 genera, 106 species

 Family Simmondsiaceae (Jojobas)
 Family Pandaceae
 Family Euphorbiaceae (Spurges)
300 genera, 5000+ species, Euphorbia has 1500 species

 Order Rhamnales
1700 species

 Family Rhamnaceae (Buckthorns)
58 genera, 900 species, cosmopolitan

 Family Leeaceae
 Family Vitaceae (Grapes)
12 genera, woody vines, tropical, subtropical and warm temperate

 Order Linales
550 species

 Family Erythroxylaceae
200 species, including Erythroxia cocum, the source of cocaine

 Family Humiriaceae
 Family Ixonanthaceae
 Family Hugoniaceae
 Family Linaceae (Flaxes)
13 genera, 300 species, linen, linseed

 Order Polygalales
2300 species, primarily tropical

 Family Malpighiaceae (Malpighias)
1200+ species

 Family Vochysiaceae
200 species

 Family Trigoniaceae
 Family Tremandraceae
 Family Polygalaceae (Milkworts)
17 genera, 750 species, legume-like, cosmopolitan from tropics to arctic

 Family Xantyhophyllaceae
 Family Krameriaceae (Ratans)
Sometimes lumped with Leguminoceae, drier tropics

 Order Sapindales
5400 species

 Family Staphyleaceae (Bladdernuts)
60 species

 Family Melianthaceae (Melianthus¹)
 Family Bretschneideraceae
 Family Akaniaceae
 Family Sapindaceae (Soapberries)
150 genera, 2000 species, tropical and subtropical

 Family Hippocastanaceae (Horse-chestnut, Buckeyes)
2 genera, 15 species

 Family Aceraceae (Maples)
Two genera, 100 species

 Family Burseraceae
200 species

 Family Anacardiaceae (Sumacs, Cashew)
600 species, some toxic

 Family Julianaceae
 Family Simaroubaceae
150 species, tree of heaven

 Family Cneoraceae
 Family Meliaceae (Mahoganys)
550 species, many with insect anti-feeding compounds

 Family Rutaceae (Citrus)
Many economically important species

 Family Zygophyllaceae (Caltrops)
250 species, many thorny

 Order Geraniales
2600 species, some woody

 Family Oxalidaeceae (Wood-sorrels)
3 genera, 900 species, many with oxalic acid, tropical and temperate

 Family Geraniaceae (Geraniums)
11 genera, 750 species, including Geranium and Pelagonium

 Family Limnanthaceae (Meadow-foams)
 Family Tropaeolaceae (Nasturtiums)
 Family Balsaminaceae (Touch-me-nots)
4 genera, 900 species

 Order Apiales
3700 species

 Family Araliaceae (Ginsengs)
55 genera, 700 species, primarily woody, mostly tropical, old and new world

 Family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) (Carrots)
300 genera, 2500-3000 species, cosmopolitan, few in the wet tropics

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 Subclass Asteridae

 Order Gentianales

 Family Loganiaceae (Loganias)
30 genera, 600 species, largely tropicals

 Family Retziaceae
 Family Gentianaceae (Gentians)
80 genera, 900 species, including a few saprophytes, primarily temperate, and higher altitudes in tropics, including Amazon basin

 Family Saccifoliaceae
Monotypic

 Family Apocynaceae (Dogbanes)
180 genera, 1500 species, woody, a few herbaceous, 1 vine, milky sap, wet tropics

 Family Asclepiadaceae (Milkweeds)
250 genera, 1800-2000 species, milky sap, temparate areas and arid tropics. Some authors combine this family with Apocynaceae

 Order Solanales (Polemoniales)

 Family Duckeodendraceae
Tropical, lower Amazon

 Family Nolanaceae (Nolana)
Some authors combine with Solanaceae

 Family Solanaceae (Potatos, tomato, peppers)
90 genera, 2000-3000 species, possibly many more species, New World and Africa

 Family Convolvulaceae (Morning-glories)
50 genera, 1800 species, mostly with alternate leaves, cosmopolitan

 Family Cuscutaceae (Dodders)
Parasitic vines

 Family Menyanthaceae
 Family Polemoniaceae (Phlox)
18 genera, 300 species

 Family Hydrophyllaceae (Waterleafs)
Many in deserts, New World

 Order Lamiales
7800 species

 Family Lennoaceae (Lennoas)
4 species, arid areas, parasitic

 Family Boraginaceae (Borages)
2000 species, woody or herbaceous, primarily tropical

 Subfamily Ehretioideae
 Subfamily Boraginoideae
 Subfamily Heliotropioideae

 Family Verbenaceae (Vervains)
2600 species, woody or herbaceous, primarily tropical

 Family Lamiaceae (Labiatae) (Mints)
3200 species, primarily herbaceous in temperate species, primarily woody in tropical species

 Order Callitrichales

 Family Hippuridaceae
 Family Callitrichaceae (Water Starworts)
Aquatic, very small

 Family Hydrostachyaceae

 Order Plantaginales

 Family Plantaginaceae (Plantains)
3 genera, 250 species, including Plantain psillum the source of "dietary" fiber

 Order Scrophylariales
More than 11,000 species

 Family Buddlejaceae
woody

 Family Oleaceae (Olives)
 Family Scrophulariaceae (Figworts)
4000 species, primarily herbs, some look like mints
 Family Globulariaceae (Globularias)
 Family Myoporaceae (Myoporums)
 Family Orobancaceae (Broomrapes)
Saprophytes

 Family Gesneriaceae (Gesnerias)
2500 species, including the African violet, tropical

 Family Acanthaceae (Acanthus¹)
2500 species, temperate and tropical

 Family Pedaliaceae
herbs, including sesame

 Family Martyniaceae (Unicorn Plants)
 Family Bignoniaceae (Bignonias)
 Family Mendonciaceae
 Family Lentibulariaceae (Bladderworts)
insectivorous, Lentibularia, Utricularia

 Order Campanulales
milky sap

 Family Pentaphragmataceae
 Family Sphenocleaceae
 Family Campanulaceae (Bellflowers)
Largest family in order, 4/5 of the species in the order

 Subfamily Campanuloideae
 Subfamily Lobelioideae (Lobeliaceae)

 Family Stylidiaceae
Insectivorous

 Family Donatiaceae
2 species

 Family Brunoniaceae
 Family Goodeniaceae
Mostly Old World, Australia, Florida Keys

 Order Rubiales

 Family Rubiaceae (Madders)
500 genera, 7000 species, opposite leaves, stipules, primarily woody, primarily tropical

 Family Theligonaceae
3 species

 Order Dipsacales

 Family Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckles)
 Family Adoxaceae
 Family Valerianaceae (Valerians)
 Family Dipsacaceae (Teasels)

 Order Calycerales

 Family Calyceraceae
60 species, not quite a composite

 Order Asterales

 Family Asteraceae (Sunflowers)
Approx 1000 genera, 20,000-25,000 species, the most specious family of plant, worldwide, variable habit and structure but all remarkably similar

 Subfamily Cichorioideae

 Tribe Lactuceae (Cichorieae) (Lettuces)
 Tribe Mutisieae (Mutisias)
 Tribe Vernonieae (Ironweeds)
 Tribe Liabeae (Liabums)
 Tribe Cardueae (Cynareae) (Thistles)

 Subtribe Echinopeae
 Subtribe Carlineae
 Subtribe Cardueae

 Tribe Arctoteae (Arctotidae) (Arctotis¹)

 Subfamily Asteroideae

 Tribe Eupatorieae (Eupatoriums)
 Tribe Heliantheae (incl. Helenieae & Tageteae) (Sunflowers)
 Tribe Astereae (Asters)
 Tribe Inuleae (Everlastings)
 Tribe Calenduleae (Calendulas)
 Tribe Senecioneae (Senecios)

 Subfamily Anthemideae (Maywee
 Subclass Dilleniidae

 Order Dilleniales
Largely tropical Asia and New World

 Family Dilleniaceae (Killenias)
Asia

 Family Paeoniaceae (Peonys)
Asia

 Order Theales

 Family Ochnaceae (Ochnas)
 Family Spaerospalaceae
 Family Sarcolaenaceae
 Family Dipterocarpaceae (Dipterocarps)
Most important timber in Asia, Asia and South America

 Family Caryocaraceae
 Family Theaceae (Teas)
 Family Actinideaceae (Kiwi-fruits)
 Family Scytopetalaceae
 Family Pentaphylacaceae
 Family Tetrameristaceae
 Family Pellicieraceae (Mangroves)
 Family Oncothecaceae
 Family Marcgraviaceae
Wasp pollinated

 Family Quiinaceae
 Family Elatinaceae (Waterworts)
 Family Paracryphiaceae
 Family Medusagynaceae
 Family Clusiaceae (Guttiferae; including Hypericaceae) (Mangosteens)

 Order Malvales
Worldwide except arctic

 Family Elaeocarpaceae (Elaeocarpus¹)
Tropical

 Family Tiliaceae (Linden)
41 genera, 400 species

 Family Sterculiaceae (Cacaoss)
60 genera, 700 species, includes Cacao, the chocolate tree

 Family Bombacaceae (Kapok)
200 species, tropical

 Family Malvaceae (Mallows)
Includes cotton

 Order Lecythidales

 Family Lecythidaceae (Brazil-Nuts)
20 genera, 450 species, primarily tropical South America, 1 or 2 species occur in both Brazil and Africa, large seeded, disperse by water, includes Cannonball Tree

 Order Nepenthales
Insectivorous plants

 Family Saraceniaceae (New World Pitcher-plants)
3 genera, 13-17 species, primarily in southeastern U.S., one species in Guianan highlands (tepuis)

 Family Nepenthaceae (Old World Pitcher Plants)
Asia to Madagascar

 Family Droseraceae (Sundews and Venus Flytrap)
4 genera, 83 species, grow in acid bogs, New World

 Order Violales

 Family Flacourtiaceae
 Family Peridiscaceae
 Family Bixaceae
 Family Cistaceae (Rock-roses, Tamaraks = Salt Cedar)
 Family Huaceae
 Family Lacistemataceae
 Family Scyphostegiaceae
 Family Stachyuraceae
 Family Violaceae (Violets)
22 genera, 900 species, some are trees (tropical), worldwide

 Family Tamaricaceae (Tamarisks)
 Family Frankeniaceae (Frankenias)
 Family Dioncophyllaceae
 Family Ancistrocladaceae
 Family Turneraceae
 Family Malesherbiaceae
 Family Passifloraceae (Passion-flowers)
20 genera, 600 species, vines to trees, tropical to warm temperate

 Family Achariaceae
 Family Caricaceae (Papaya)
 Family Fouquieriaceae (Ocotillos)
Fouquieria splendens the Ocotillo, southwest U.S., northern Mexico

 Family Hoplestigmataceae
 Family Cucurbitaceae (Cucumbers, Gourds, Watermelon)
90 genera, 700 species, tropical to warm temperate

 Family Datiscaceae (Durango-roots)
 Family Begoniaceae (Begonias)
 Family Loasaceae

 Order Salicales

 Family Salicaceae (Willows, Cottonwood, Quaking Aspen)
3-4 genera, 435 species, diverse and numerous in arctic with up to 20 species per acre, many species are circumboreal, holarctic to tropics

 Order Capparales
Approx. 4000 species

 Family Tovariaceae
 Family Capparaceae (Capers)
45 genera, 675 species, woody, lives in arid areas, similare to Brassicaceae, tropical

 Family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) (Mustards)
380 genera, 3000 species, mostly temperate, but worldwide

 Family Moringaceae
Moringa of south Africa

 Family Resedaceae (Mignonettes)
herbs, Mediterranian and Africa

 Order Batales
6 genera, 19 species, seashore plants

 Family Gyrostemonaceae
 Family Bataceae (Saltworts)
Monotypic, Batis meridima, Gulf coast of U.S.

 Order Ericales
4000 species

 Family Cyrillaceae
 Family Clethraceae (Clethras)
1-2 genera, 64 species, tropical Americas and Asia

 Family Grubbiaceae
One genus, 3 species, Ericoid shrubs, derivitives of Ericaceae, south African Cape area

 Family Empetraceae (Crowberries)
Includes Empetrum, an arctic and antarctic genus

 Family Epacridaceae
31 genera, 400 species, southern hemisphere australasian

 Family Ericaceae (Heaths, Heathers)
103 genera, 3500 species, largest family in order, rare in Amazon basin, otherwise cosmpolitant, includes Rhododendron

 Family Pyrolaceae (Wintergreens)
Woody or herbaceous

 Family Monotropaceae (Indian Pipes)
Saprophytes, lacking chlorophyls

 Order Diapensiales

 Family Diapensiaceae
18 species in northern hemisphere, from temperate to arctic areas

 Order Ebenales
Approx. 2000 species, primarily tropical

 Family Sapotaceae (Sapodillas)
One genus, 1100 species, largest family in order

 Family Ebenaceae (Ebonys, Persimmon)
450 species

 Family Styracaceae (Storaxes)
Warm temperate to tropical

 Family Lissocarpaceae
 Family Symplocaceae (Sweetleafs)
Accumulate aluminum in leaves, primarily tropical in higher elevations

 Order Primulales
1900 species

 Family Theophrastaceae
100 species, often have spines on leaf tips, tropical

 Family Myrsinaceae
Tropical

 Family Primulaceae (Primroses)
22 genera, 800 species, one aquati

 Subclass Caryophyllidae
Orders separated on basis of seive tube plastid structure, similar rust infects all three orders

 Order Caryophyllales
Betalains (pigment) present, except in Aizoaceae, Molluginaceae and Caryophyllaceae

 Family Phytolaccaceae (Pokeberries)
20 genera, 120 species, North and South America

 Family Achatocarpaceae
 Family Nyctaginaceae (Four O¹Clock)
30 genera, 290 species

 Family Aizoaceae (Ice Plants)
Primarily succulents, southern Africa

 Family Didiereaceae
4 genera, 11 species, trees similar ot Euphorbia, with or without spines, can be grafted onto Pereskia (in Cactaceae), endemic to Madagascar

 Family Cactaceae (Cactus)
 Family Chenopodiaceae (Goosefoots)
100 genera, 1500 species, occur in alkaline areas and cold deserts including the North American Great Basin, and the Gobi Desert

 Family Amaranthaceae (Amaranths)
65 genera, 900 species, herbs and woody plants, worldwide

 Family Portulacaceae (Purslanes)
19 genera, 500 species, mostly succulent, worldwide

 Family Basellaceae (Madeira Vines)
4 genera, 15 species, mostly vines, New Zealand

 Family Molluginaceae (Carpet-weeds)
 Family Caryophyllaceae (Pinks)
80 genera, 2000 species, worldwide

 Order Polygonales

 Family Polygonaceae (Knotweeds)
30 genera, 750 species, herb to tree, worldwide

 Order Plumbaginales

 Family Plumbaginaceae
10 genera, 560 species, worldwide

 Subclass Hamamelidae
Many with tannins, reduced flowers (unisexual), catkins, etc.

 Order Trochodendrales
Vesselless wood, asiatic

 Family Tetracentraceae
Monotypic

 Family Trochodendraceae
Monotypic

 Order Hamamelidales
Woody, mostly wind pollenated, a few are insect pollinated

 Family Cercidiphyllaceae
One genus, two species, tropical Africa, Madagascar, Japan, southcentral China

 Family Eupteleaceae
One genus, two species, tropical Africa, Madagascar, Japan, southcentral China

 Family Platanaceae (Sycamores)
One genus, 10 species, North America, Europe (2 sp.), Asia Minor

 Family Hamamelidaceae (Witch-Hazels)
23 genera, 100 species, includes sweet gum, witch-hazel, subtropical and temperate

 Family Myrothamnaceae
Tropical Africa and Madagascar

 Order Daphniphyllales

 Family Daphniphyllaceae
One genus, 10 species, southeast Asia, east Asia, Malaysia

 Order Didymelales
Endemic to Madagascar

 Family Didymelaceae
One genus, two species, catcus-like spiny trees

 Order Eucommiales

 Family Eucommiaceae
Monotypic, montane, from western China

 Order Urticales
Inflorecence in fasicles or racemes, mostly widespread

 Family Barbeyaceae
Middle East

 Family Ulmaceae (Elms)
16 genera, 200 species, includes Ulmus, Trema (tropical)

 Family Cannabaceae (Hemps)
 Family Moraceae (Mulberrys)
75 genera, 3000 species, including Ficus which has over 1000 species itself

 Family Cecropiaceae
3 genera, 100 species, confined to tropics

 Family Urticaceae (Nettles)
45 genera, 1000+ species, has irritating hairs on stems and/or leaves, worldwide

 Order Leitneriales

 Family Leitneriaceae
Monotypic, Leitneria floridana, in terrace lands, dioecious shrub of southeastern U.S.: in Florida, Georgia, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas (disjunct distribution)

 Order Juglandales
Antipherous, with compound leaves

 Family Juglandaceae (Walnuts)
California, Arizona, southeastern U.S., southeastern Europe, Asia

 Order Myricales

 Family Myricaceae (Bayberries)
Three genera, 50 species, worldwide, one species confined to New Caledonia

 Order Fagales

 Family Balanopaceae
One genus, 9 species, Ballanops, found at high altitudes in Queensland, Australia, New Caledonia, Fiji

 Family Fagaceae (Oaks)
8 genera, 1000 species, family dates at least back to Eocene, primarily in northern hemisphere, though occur worldwide - in western hemispher to the Columbian Andes (Trigonobalanus). One genus, Nothofagus occurs in Tierra del Fuego (southern South America), New Guinea and New Zealand and some consider it a separage family, Nothogagaceae

 Family Betulaceae (Birches, alders)
6 genera, 170 species, mostly north temperate, Ulnus occurs into southern hemisphere

 Order Casuarinales

 Family Casurinaceae (She-oaks)
Two genera, 65 species (some consider it to have 4 genera with 7 species), whorled leaves, twigs similar to Equisetum (horsetails), endemic to Australia


o Class Liliopsida (Monocots)
More uniform than dicots

 Subclass Alismatidae
400 species, similar to Ranunculaceae

 Order Alismatales
Aquatic

 Family Butomaceae (Flowering-rushes)
One genus, one species, cultivated, European

 Family Limnocharitacae (Water-poppies)
Monotypic, tropical

 Family Alismataceae (Water Plantains)
12 genera, 75 species

 Order Hydrocharitales
Primarily aquatic

 Family Hydrocharitaceae (Waterweeds)
15 genera, 100 species, two genera are marine

 Order Najadales
Primarily aquatic

 Family Aponogetonaceae (Cape-pondweeds)
Many aquarium plants, including lace plants, Old World tropics

 Family Scheuchzeriaceae (Scheuchzerias)
Monotypic

 Family Juncaginaceae (Arrow-grasses)
5 genera, 20 species, some in salt marsh

 Family Potamogetonaceae (Pondweeds)
100 species, cosmopolitan, boreal

 Family Ruppiaceae (Ditch-grasses)
Monotypic, Ruppia meridima brakish

 Family Najadaceae (Water-nymphs)
 Family Zannichelliaceae (Horned-pondweeds)
One genus, 78 species, some species with very restricted ranges, cosmopolitan

 Family Posidoniaceae
Marine, Mediteranian, Australia

 Family Cymodoceaceae
 Family Zosteraceae (Eel-grasses)

 Order Triuridales
Saprophytes, some growing on termite mounds, leafless, non-photosynthetic, tropical

 Family Petrosaviaceae
 Family Triuridaceae


 Subclass Arecidae
All very similar

 Order Arecales

 Family Arecaceae (Palmae) (Palms)
200+ genera, 3000 species, tropical and warm temperate (north to French Coast
 The North American and Caribbean Palms, Arecaceae (Palmae) by Robert B. Hole, Jr., USA.
 Order Cyclanthales

 Family Cyclanthaceae
11 genera, 180 species, some differ from palms only in flower details, palm-like palmately divided leaves, terrestrial or epiphytic, New World tropics

 Order Pandanales

 Family Pandanaceae
3 genera, 500-600 species (may be fewer), mostly coastal, somewhat yucca-like, Old World tropics, Phillippines, Hawaii

 Order Arales

 Family Araceae (Arums)
110 genera, 1000 species, herbs and epiphytes, some tree-like

 Family Lemnaceae (Duckweeds)
6 genera, 28 species, aquatic

 Subclass Zingiberidae
Generally banana-like

 Order Bromeliales

 Family Bromeliaceae (Bromeliads)
 45 genera, 2000 species, wind dispersed seeds, New World except Pitcarnia from Mt. Nimba in Africa
 Order Zingiberales
Banana-like, herbaceous

 Family Strelitziaceae (Bird-of-Paradises)
3 genera, 17 species, up to 50 feet tall, New and Old World

 Family Heliconiaceae (Heliconias)
One genus, 100+ species, New World and south Pacific

 Family Musaceae (Bananas)
Many species, Musa paradisiaca is sterile triploid with seedless fruit, Old World

 Family Lowiaceae
One genus, 7 species, Archsantha, China, Malaysia, Pacific Islanda

 Family Zingiberaceae (Gingers)
47 genera, 1000 species, mostly Old World

 Family Costaceae
4 genera, 150 species, pantropical but primarily neotropics

 Family Cannaceae (Cannas)
One genus, 50 species, some edible, tropical and subtropical Americas

 Family Marantaceae (Arrowroots)
30 genera, 400 species, pantropical, mostly neotropical


o Subclass Lilidae

 Order Liliales

 Family Philydraceae
Small family

 Family Pontederiaceae (Water-hyacinth)
9 genera, 30 species, tropical and subtropical to warm temperate

 Family Haemodoraceae
Red or orange sap

 Family Cyanastraceae
Small family

 Family Liliaceae (Lilies)
280 genera, 4000 species

 Family Iridaceae (Irises)
80 genera, 1500 species, fan-like equitant leaves (in one plane), southern Africa, southern South America

 Family Velloziaceae
6 genera, 250 species, mostly woody, southern hemisphere

 Family Aloeaceae (Aloes)
5 genera, 700 species, primarily Africa

 Family Agavaceae (Agaves)
18 genera, 1600 species, all with same chromosome number

 Family Xanthorrhoeaceae
Small family

 Family Hanguanaceae
 Family Taccaceae
 Family Stemonaceae
3 genera, 30 species, Asia, North America

 Family Smilacaceae (Green-briers)
12 genera, 500+ species, Smilax itself has over 300 species, mostly woody, leaves with net veination, often included in Liliaceae but if Aloes and Agaves are given familial rank this family should be recognized as well

 Family Dioscoreaceae (Yams)
6 genera, 630 species, vines, dioeceous, fruit a winged capsule, source of estrogen precursers used in birth control, related to Smilacaceae, though never (to my knowledge) lumped

 Order Orchidales
"The epitome of specialization"

 Family Geosiridaceae
Montypic, Geosiris, endemic to Madagascar

 Family Burmanniaceae
20 genera, 130 species, mostly small saprophytes, tropical

 Family Corsiaceae
Two genera, 26 species, saprophytes, Chile and western Pacific

 Family Orchidaceae (Orchids)
1000 genera, 15-20-30,000 species, tiny seeds, easily wind or bird disseminated, but if appropriate pollenating organism isn't in the new habitat it can't reproduce, intergeneric hybrids are a regular occurence, species may be "behaviorally" isolated but are not genetically isolated, endotrophic microrhysae, the most successful monocot group

o Subclass Commelinidae (Grasses, Sedges and Rushes)
Mostly grass-like
 Order Commelinales

 Family Rapateaceae
16 genera, 100 species, primarily tropical South America, one species in western Africa

 Family Xyridaceae (Yellow-eyed Grasses)
4 genera, 200 species, high elevations and tropical savanas, strong represented in southeastern U.S., southern Brazil and western Africa

 Family Mayacaceae
One genus, 2 or 1 species, pink flowered aquatic "moss," tropical to warm temperate wetlands, Neotropics and western Africa

 Family Commelinaceae (Spiderworts)
50 genera, 700 species, largest family in order, tropics to warm temperate areas

 Order Eriocaulales

 Family Eriocaulaceae (Pipeworts, Ladies Hat Pin)
13 genera, 1200 species, one aquatic species in tropical South America, tropical, subtropical and warm temperate, southeastern U.S. southern Brazil and western Africa

 Order Restionales
Mostly Australia, but Pacific and south Brazil well represented

 Family Flagellariaceae
 Family Joinvilleaceae
 Family Restionaceae
 Family Centrolepidaceae
Only one in New World in southern Brazil

 Order Juncales
Heads small and compact

 Family Juncaceae (Rushes)
8 genera, 300 species, a couple woody members in southern hemisphere - Tierra del Fuego, Cosmopolitan

 Family Thurniaceae
One genus, 3 species, eastern Amazon

 Order Cyperales
Heads larger than Juncales

 Family Cyperaceae (Sedges)
70 genera, 4000 species, Carex has 1000 species and is cosmopolitan itself

 Family Poaceae (Gramineae) (Grasses)
785 genera, 10,000 species, 5 subfamilies

 Order Hydatellales

 Family Hydatellaceae

 Order Typhales

 Family Sparganiaceae (Bur-Reeds)
One genus, 13 species, Sparganium, monoeceous, aquatic, north temperate

 Family Typhaceae (Cattails)
One genus, 10 species, rare in wet tropics, otherwise cosmopolitan