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ScienceWeek
http://scienceweek.com/2006/sw060623-3.htm
STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY: ON THE SURFACE OF HIV
The following points are made by Dennis R. Burton (Nature 2006 441:817):
1) Newly produced HIV particles are in limbo (trong tình trạng lấp lửng) between life and death, their fate determined by whether protruding structures --"spikes (gai) " -- on their surface make contact with receptors (thụ quan) on the surface of white blood cells, in particular a subset known as CD4+ T cells. If a productive contact (sự tiếp xúc hiệu quả) is made, a molecular sequence is triggered (mở lên/bật lên/kích lên) that results in the genetic material of the virus being injected into the target cell. Soon after, the viral genome begins to dictate (sai khiến, ra lệnh/bức chế) events in the cell, leading to the production of many more virus particles (hạt tử virus), and full-blown (bùng nổ/phát triển mạnh) infection gets under way. But if there is no productive contact between the viral spikes and target cells, then the spikes seem to lose their function and the HIV particles effectively die. The viral spike is thus central to HIV infection, making it a prime target for potential HIV vaccines, with the idea that blocking the spike-receptor contact using antibodies will prevent infection. New work (1) reports a low-resolution (at about 3 nm) structure of the spikes and their distribution on the virus surface. There are some surprises.
2) The HIV genome, and that of its monkey counterpart (bản đối chiếu), simian (khỉ không đuôi) immunodeficiency virus (SIV), is enveloped (đóng gói/bao bọc) in a lipid membrane derived from an infected cell. Virally encoded spikes, often known as envelope spikes (gai phần vỏ), are anchored (cố định) in this membrane and protrude (lồi ra/nhô ra) from the surface of the particle. They are composed of (chứa/bao gồm) two interacting proteins: gp41, which spans the membrane, and gp120, which sits on gp41 at the surface of the virus particle. Both proteins are glycosylated (that is, have sugar groups attached); indeed, gp120 is one of the most heavily glycosylated proteins known (protein bị đường hóa nặng nhất từng biết đến), with about 50% of its molecular mass being carbohydrate. This sugar coating (lớp áo/vỏ bọc đường) helps HIV to elude (trốn tránh) the immune system because the carbohydrate is derived from the infected cell and is poorly recognized by antibodies. But HIV also has other means of distracting (làm rối bời/làm rối trí) the immune system, including loops of highly variable sequence that extend from the surface of gp120. These loops present an ever-changing (bấp bênh/thay đổi luôn) target for antibodies and create a huge headache for vaccine designers.
3) Information about the envelope spike structure is limited, and it is not clear how many spikes there are on each virus or how they are distributed. The structure of the extracellular (ngoại bào) part of gp41 has been resolved, but only in a conformation (hình thể/hình dáng/cấu hình) adopted after the virus connects with the target cell -- little is known about what gp41 looks like before this interaction (2). The structures of isolated truncated gp120 "core" molecules from HIV and SIV have also been solved (3,4) and have been used to propose models for spikes (4,5) in which gp120 and gp41 proteins assemble to form a trimer ( tam phân) of heterodimers, that is (gp120-gp41) (3). Indeed, electron tomography (phương pháp chụp X quang) of fixed and stained preparations of HIV and SIV had revealed trimeric envelope spikes, but many other details were not visible. Now Zhu et al (1) have studied unfixed, unstained, frozen hydrated HIV and SIV using cryoEM tomography (phương pháp chụp X quang ớ mức electron dùng kỹ thuật nghiệm lạnh), and their low-resolution structure provides valuable information.
4) Zhu et al (1) deduce (suy ra/luận ra/suy luận/suy diễn) that the spikes on HIV form clusters (đám/bó/ cụm), and show that a single SIV spike is made of three (gp120-gp41) complexes in a tripod-like (kiềng ba chân) assembly, with a head structure made mostly of gp120 sitting on three gp41 legs. The gp41 extends upwards into the head structure. The sugar faces of gp120 are at the top of the spike, and the CD4-binding site is close to variable loop structures. So the spike displays poorly immunogenic sugars (gốc đường có khả năng tạp ra phản ứng miễn dịch) and immunogenic but variable loops, while restricting access to more constant parts of the complex such as the CD4-binding site of gp120 and most of gp41. Targeting the conserved exposed parts of the spike, such as the legs of gp41, using antibodies induced by vaccination, may provide protection against many different HIV strains.
References (abridged):
1. Zhu, P. et al. Nature 441, 847-852 (2006)
2. Zwick, M. B. , Saphire, E. O. & Burton, D. R. Nature Med. 10, 133-134 (2004)
3. Kwong, P. D. et al. Nature 393, 648-659 (1998)
4. Chen, B. et al. Nature 433, 834-841 (2005)
5. Kwong, P. D. et al. J. Virol. 74, 1961-1972 (2000)
Nature http://www.nature.com/nature
ScienceWeek http://scienceweek.com
ScienceWeek
http://scienceweek.com/2006/sw060623-3.htm
STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY: ON THE SURFACE OF HIV
The following points are made by Dennis R. Burton (Nature 2006 441:817):
1) Newly produced HIV particles are in limbo (trong tình trạng lấp lửng) between life and death, their fate determined by whether protruding structures --"spikes (gai) " -- on their surface make contact with receptors (thụ quan) on the surface of white blood cells, in particular a subset known as CD4+ T cells. If a productive contact (sự tiếp xúc hiệu quả) is made, a molecular sequence is triggered (mở lên/bật lên/kích lên) that results in the genetic material of the virus being injected into the target cell. Soon after, the viral genome begins to dictate (sai khiến, ra lệnh/bức chế) events in the cell, leading to the production of many more virus particles (hạt tử virus), and full-blown (bùng nổ/phát triển mạnh) infection gets under way. But if there is no productive contact between the viral spikes and target cells, then the spikes seem to lose their function and the HIV particles effectively die. The viral spike is thus central to HIV infection, making it a prime target for potential HIV vaccines, with the idea that blocking the spike-receptor contact using antibodies will prevent infection. New work (1) reports a low-resolution (at about 3 nm) structure of the spikes and their distribution on the virus surface. There are some surprises.
2) The HIV genome, and that of its monkey counterpart (bản đối chiếu), simian (khỉ không đuôi) immunodeficiency virus (SIV), is enveloped (đóng gói/bao bọc) in a lipid membrane derived from an infected cell. Virally encoded spikes, often known as envelope spikes (gai phần vỏ), are anchored (cố định) in this membrane and protrude (lồi ra/nhô ra) from the surface of the particle. They are composed of (chứa/bao gồm) two interacting proteins: gp41, which spans the membrane, and gp120, which sits on gp41 at the surface of the virus particle. Both proteins are glycosylated (that is, have sugar groups attached); indeed, gp120 is one of the most heavily glycosylated proteins known (protein bị đường hóa nặng nhất từng biết đến), with about 50% of its molecular mass being carbohydrate. This sugar coating (lớp áo/vỏ bọc đường) helps HIV to elude (trốn tránh) the immune system because the carbohydrate is derived from the infected cell and is poorly recognized by antibodies. But HIV also has other means of distracting (làm rối bời/làm rối trí) the immune system, including loops of highly variable sequence that extend from the surface of gp120. These loops present an ever-changing (bấp bênh/thay đổi luôn) target for antibodies and create a huge headache for vaccine designers.
3) Information about the envelope spike structure is limited, and it is not clear how many spikes there are on each virus or how they are distributed. The structure of the extracellular (ngoại bào) part of gp41 has been resolved, but only in a conformation (hình thể/hình dáng/cấu hình) adopted after the virus connects with the target cell -- little is known about what gp41 looks like before this interaction (2). The structures of isolated truncated gp120 "core" molecules from HIV and SIV have also been solved (3,4) and have been used to propose models for spikes (4,5) in which gp120 and gp41 proteins assemble to form a trimer ( tam phân) of heterodimers, that is (gp120-gp41) (3). Indeed, electron tomography (phương pháp chụp X quang) of fixed and stained preparations of HIV and SIV had revealed trimeric envelope spikes, but many other details were not visible. Now Zhu et al (1) have studied unfixed, unstained, frozen hydrated HIV and SIV using cryoEM tomography (phương pháp chụp X quang ớ mức electron dùng kỹ thuật nghiệm lạnh), and their low-resolution structure provides valuable information.
4) Zhu et al (1) deduce (suy ra/luận ra/suy luận/suy diễn) that the spikes on HIV form clusters (đám/bó/ cụm), and show that a single SIV spike is made of three (gp120-gp41) complexes in a tripod-like (kiềng ba chân) assembly, with a head structure made mostly of gp120 sitting on three gp41 legs. The gp41 extends upwards into the head structure. The sugar faces of gp120 are at the top of the spike, and the CD4-binding site is close to variable loop structures. So the spike displays poorly immunogenic sugars (gốc đường có khả năng tạp ra phản ứng miễn dịch) and immunogenic but variable loops, while restricting access to more constant parts of the complex such as the CD4-binding site of gp120 and most of gp41. Targeting the conserved exposed parts of the spike, such as the legs of gp41, using antibodies induced by vaccination, may provide protection against many different HIV strains.
References (abridged):
1. Zhu, P. et al. Nature 441, 847-852 (2006)
2. Zwick, M. B. , Saphire, E. O. & Burton, D. R. Nature Med. 10, 133-134 (2004)
3. Kwong, P. D. et al. Nature 393, 648-659 (1998)
4. Chen, B. et al. Nature 433, 834-841 (2005)
5. Kwong, P. D. et al. J. Virol. 74, 1961-1972 (2000)
Nature http://www.nature.com/nature
ScienceWeek http://scienceweek.com